@Controller
public class HelloController {

    //  通过@RequestMapping注解，可以通过请求路径匹配要处理的具体的请求
    //  /表示的当前工程的上下文路径
    @RequestMapping("/")
    public String index(){
        return "index";
    }

    @RequestMapping("/target")
    public String toTarget(){
        return "target";
    }
}

@RequestMapping(
        value = {"/testRequestMapping", "/test"}
)
public String testRequestMapping(){
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping(
        value = {"/testRequestMapping", "/test"},
        method = {RequestMethod.GET, RequestMethod.POST}
)
public String testRequestMapping(){
    return "success";
}

@GetMapping("/success")
public String success(){
    return "index";
}

@RequestMapping(
        value = {"/testRequestMapping", "/test"}
        ,method = {RequestMethod.GET, RequestMethod.POST}
        ,params = {"username","password!=123456"}
)
public String testRequestMapping(){
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testRest/{id}/{username}")
public String testRest(@PathVariable("id") String id, @PathVariable("username") String username){
    System.out.println("id:"+id+",username:"+username);
    return "success";
}
//最终输出的内容为-->id:1,username:admin

@RequestMapping("/testParam")
public String testParam(HttpServletRequest request){
    String username = request.getParameter("username");
    String password = request.getParameter("password");
    System.out.println("username:"+username+",password:"+password);
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testParam")
public String testParam(String username, String password){
    System.out.println("username:"+username+",password:"+password);
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testParam")
public String testParam(String username, String password, String[] hobby){
    System.out.println("username:"+username+",password:"+password + ", hobby:"+Arrays.toString(hobby));
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testParam")
public String testParam(
    @RequestParam(value = "user_name", required=false, defaultValue="吊毛") String username, 
    String password, 
    String[] hobby){
    System.out.println("username:"+username+",password:"+password + ", hobby:"+Arrays.toString(hobby));
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testParam")
public String testParam(
    @RequestParam(value = "user_name", required=false, defaultValue="吊毛") String username, 
    String password, 
    String[] hobby,
	@RequestHeader("Host") String host){
    System.out.println("username:"+username+",password:"+password + ", hobby:"+Arrays.toString(hobby));
    System.out.println(host);
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testParam")
public String testParam(
    @RequestParam(value = "user_name", required=false, defaultValue="吊毛") String username, 
    String password, 
    String[] hobby,
	@RequestHeader("Host") String host,
	@CookieValue("JSESSIONID") String JSESSIONID ){
    System.out.println("username:"+username+",password:"+password + ", hobby:"+Arrays.toString(hobby));
    System.out.println(host);
    System.out.println(JSESSIONID);
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testpojo")
public String testPOJO(User user){
    System.out.println(user);
    return "success";
}
//最终结果-->User{id=null, username='张三', password='123', age=23, sex='男', email='123@qq.com'}

@RequestMapping("/testServletAPI")
public String testServletAPI(HttpServletRequest request){
    request.setAttribute("testScope", "hello,servletAPI");
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testModelAndView")
public ModelAndView testModelAndView(){
    /**
     * ModelAndView有Model和View的功能
     * Model主要用于向请求域共享数据
     * View主要用于设置视图，实现页面跳转
     */
    ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView();
    //向请求域共享数据
    mav.addObject("testScope", "hello,ModelAndView");
    //设置视图，实现页面跳转
    mav.setViewName("success");
    return mav;
}

@RequestMapping("/testModel")
public String testModel(Model model){
    model.addAttribute("testScope", "hello,Model");
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testMap")
public String testMap(Map<String, Object> map){
    map.put("testScope", "hello,Map");
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testModelMap")
public String testModelMap(ModelMap modelMap){
    modelMap.addAttribute("testScope", "hello,ModelMap");
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testSession")
public String testSession(HttpSession session){
    session.setAttribute("testSessionScope", "hello,session");
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testApplication")
public String testApplication(HttpSession session){
	ServletContext application = session.getServletContext();
    application.setAttribute("testApplicationScope", "hello,application");
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testHello")
public String testHello(){
    return "hello";
}

@RequestMapping("/testForward")
public String testForward(){
    return "forward:/testHello";
}

@RequestMapping("/testRedirect")
public String testRedirect(){
    return "redirect:/testHello";
}

@RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String getEmployeeList(Model model){
    Collection<Employee> employeeList = employeeDao.getAll();
    model.addAttribute("employeeList", employeeList);
    return "employee_list";
}

@RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
public String deleteEmployee(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
    employeeDao.delete(id);
    return "redirect:/employee";
}

@RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public String addEmployee(Employee employee){
    employeeDao.save(employee);
    return "redirect:/employee";
}

@RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String getEmployeeById(@PathVariable("id") Integer id, Model model){
    Employee employee = employeeDao.get(id);
    model.addAttribute("employee", employee);
    return "employee_update";
}

@RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
public String updateEmployee(Employee employee){
    employeeDao.save(employee);
    return "redirect:/employee";
}

@RequestMapping("/testRequestBody")
public String testRequestBody(@RequestBody String requestBody){
    System.out.println("requestBody:"+requestBody);
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testRequestEntity")
public String testRequestEntity(RequestEntity<String> requestEntity){
    System.out.println("requestHeader:"+requestEntity.getHeaders());
    System.out.println("requestBody:"+requestEntity.getBody());
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testResponseBody")
@ResponseBody
public String testResponseBody(){
    return "success";
}

@RequestMapping("/testResponseUser")
@ResponseBody
public User testResponseUser(){
    return new User(1001,"admin","123456",23,"男");
}

@RequestMapping("/testAjax")
@ResponseBody
public String testAjax(String username, String password){
    System.out.println("username:"+username+",password:"+password);
    return "hello,ajax";
}

@RequestMapping("/testDown")
public ResponseEntity<byte[]> testResponseEntity(HttpSession session) throws IOException {
    //获取ServletContext对象
    ServletContext servletContext = session.getServletContext();
    //获取服务器中文件的真实路径
    String realPath = servletContext.getRealPath("/static/img/1.jpg");
    //创建输入流
    InputStream is = new FileInputStream(realPath);
    //创建字节数组
    byte[] bytes = new byte[is.available()];
    //将流读到字节数组中
    is.read(bytes);
    //创建HttpHeaders对象设置响应头信息
    MultiValueMap<String, String> headers = new HttpHeaders();
    //设置要下载方式以及下载文件的名字
    headers.add("Content-Disposition", "attachment;filename=1.jpg");
    //设置响应状态码
    HttpStatus statusCode = HttpStatus.OK;
    //创建ResponseEntity对象
    ResponseEntity<byte[]> responseEntity = new ResponseEntity<>(bytes, headers, statusCode);
    //关闭输入流
    is.close();
    return responseEntity;
}

@RequestMapping("/testUp")
public String testUp(MultipartFile photo, HttpSession session) throws IOException {
    //获取上传的文件的文件名
    String fileName = photo.getOriginalFilename();
    //处理文件重名问题
    String hzName = fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf("."));
    fileName = UUID.randomUUID().toString() + hzName;
    //获取服务器中photo目录的路径
    ServletContext servletContext = session.getServletContext();
    String photoPath = servletContext.getRealPath("photo");
    File file = new File(photoPath);
    if(!file.exists()){
        file.mkdir();
    }
    String finalPath = photoPath + File.separator + fileName;
    //实现上传功能
    photo.transferTo(new File(finalPath));
    return "success";
}

//@ControllerAdvice将当前类标识为异常处理的组件
@ControllerAdvice
public class ExceptionController {

    //@ExceptionHandler用于设置所标识方法处理的异常
    @ExceptionHandler(ArithmeticException.class)
    //ex表示当前请求处理中出现的异常对象
    public String handleArithmeticException(Exception ex, Model model){
        model.addAttribute("ex", ex);
        return "error";
    }

}

package com.hug.mvc.config;

import org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter;
import org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilter;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;

import javax.servlet.Filter;

public class WebInit extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {
    /**
     * 配置Spring配置类
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[]{SpringConfig.class};
    }

    /**
     * 配置SpringMVC配置类
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[]{SpringMVCConfig.class};
    }

    /**
     * 配置DispatcherServlet映射规则，即UrlPatten
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    protected String[] getServletMappings() {
        return new String[]{"/"};
    }

    /**
     * 配置过滤器
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    protected Filter[] getServletFilters() {
        CharacterEncodingFilter characterEncodingFilter = new CharacterEncodingFilter();
        characterEncodingFilter.setEncoding("UTF-8");
        characterEncodingFilter.setForceResponseEncoding(true);
        HiddenHttpMethodFilter hiddenHttpMethodFilter = new HiddenHttpMethodFilter();
        return new Filter[]{characterEncodingFilter, hiddenHttpMethodFilter};
    }
}

package com.hug.mvc.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class SpringConfig {
}

/**
 * SpringMVC配置类中需要配置的项目
 * 1. 扫描组件component-scan
 * 2. 视图解析器 Thymeleaf
 * 3. view-controller， 视图控制器
 * 4. default-servlet-handler
 * 5. MVC注解驱动
 * 6. 文件上传注解
 * 7. 异常配置注解
 * 8. 拦截器
 */
@Configuration
//1. 配置视图解析器
@ComponentScan("com.hug")
// 5. 引入MVC注解驱动
@EnableWebMvc
public class SpringMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
    // 2.配置视图解析器Thymeleaf, 之生成模板解析器
    @Bean
    public ITemplateResolver templateResolver() {
        WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext = ContextLoader.getCurrentWebApplicationContext();
        // 配置ServletContext类
        ServletContextTemplateResolver templateResolver = new ServletContextTemplateResolver(webApplicationContext.getServletContext());
        // 配置前置参数
        templateResolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/pages/");
        // 配置后置参数
        templateResolver.setSuffix(".html");
        templateResolver.setTemplateMode("HTML5");
        templateResolver.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        return templateResolver;
    }

    /**
     * 生成引擎模板，并为引擎模板注入模板解析器
     * @param templateResolver
     * @return
     */
    @Bean
    public SpringTemplateEngine templateEngine(ITemplateResolver templateResolver){
        SpringTemplateEngine springTemplateEngine = new SpringTemplateEngine();
        springTemplateEngine.setTemplateResolver(templateResolver);
        return springTemplateEngine;
    }
    
    @Bean
    public ViewResolver viewResolver(SpringTemplateEngine templateEngine){
        ThymeleafViewResolver thymeleafViewResolver = new ThymeleafViewResolver();
        thymeleafViewResolver.setOrder(1);
        thymeleafViewResolver.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        thymeleafViewResolver.setTemplateEngine(templateEngine);
        return thymeleafViewResolver;
    }

    /**
     * 3. 配置view-controller
     * @param registry
     */
    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
        registry.addViewController("/").setViewName("index");
    }

    /**
     * 4. 配置default-servlet-handler
     * @param configurer
     */
    @Override
    public void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer){
        configurer.enable();
    }

    /**
     * 6. 配置文件上传解析器
     * @return
     */
    @Bean
    public CommonsMultipartResolver multipartResolver(){
        return new CommonsMultipartResolver();
    }

    /**
     * 7.配置异常处理
     * @param resolvers
     */
    @Override
    public void configureHandlerExceptionResolvers(List<HandlerExceptionResolver> resolvers) {
        // 创建异常视图
        SimpleMappingExceptionResolver simpleMappingExceptionResolver = new SimpleMappingExceptionResolver();
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("java.lang.RuntimeException","error");
        // 设置异常映射
        simpleMappingExceptionResolver.setExceptionMappings(properties);
        simpleMappingExceptionResolver.setExceptionAttribute("ex");
        resolvers.add(simpleMappingExceptionResolver);
    }

    /**
     * 8.配置拦截器
     * @param registry
     */
    @Override
    public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
        FirstInterceptor firstInterceptor = new FirstInterceptor();
        registry.addInterceptor(firstInterceptor).addPathPatterns("/**");
    }
}

protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() {
    WebApplicationContext rootContext =
        WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext());
    WebApplicationContext wac = null;

    if (this.webApplicationContext != null) {
        // A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it
        wac = this.webApplicationContext;
        if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
            ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac;
            if (!cwac.isActive()) {
                // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
                // setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
                if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
                    // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set
                    // the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent
                    cwac.setParent(rootContext);
                }
                configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac);
            }
        }
    }
    if (wac == null) {
        // No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one
        // has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed
        // that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the
        // user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id
        wac = findWebApplicationContext();
    }
    if (wac == null) {
        // No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one
        // 创建WebApplicationContext
        wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext);
    }

    if (!this.refreshEventReceived) {
        // Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh
        // support or the context injected at construction time had already been
        // refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here.
        synchronized (this.onRefreshMonitor) {
            // 刷新WebApplicationContext
            onRefresh(wac);
        }
    }

    if (this.publishContext) {
        // Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.
        // 将IOC容器在应用域共享
        String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName();
        getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac);
    }

    return wac;
}

protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(@Nullable ApplicationContext parent) {
    Class<?> contextClass = getContextClass();
    if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {
        throw new ApplicationContextException(
            "Fatal initialization error in servlet with name '" + getServletName() +
            "': custom WebApplicationContext class [" + contextClass.getName() +
            "] is not of type ConfigurableWebApplicationContext");
    }
    // 通过反射创建 IOC 容器对象
    ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac =
        (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);

    wac.setEnvironment(getEnvironment());
    // 设置父容器
    wac.setParent(parent);
    String configLocation = getContextConfigLocation();
    if (configLocation != null) {
        wac.setConfigLocation(configLocation);
    }
    configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(wac);

    return wac;
}

protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) {
   initMultipartResolver(context);
   initLocaleResolver(context);
   initThemeResolver(context);
   initHandlerMappings(context);
   initHandlerAdapters(context);
   initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context);
   initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context);
   initViewResolvers(context);
   initFlashMapManager(context);
}

protected final void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
    throws ServletException, IOException {

    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    Throwable failureCause = null;

    LocaleContext previousLocaleContext = LocaleContextHolder.getLocaleContext();
    LocaleContext localeContext = buildLocaleContext(request);

    RequestAttributes previousAttributes = RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes();
    ServletRequestAttributes requestAttributes = buildRequestAttributes(request, response, previousAttributes);

    WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);
    asyncManager.registerCallableInterceptor(FrameworkServlet.class.getName(), new RequestBindingInterceptor());

    initContextHolders(request, localeContext, requestAttributes);

    try {
		// 执行服务，doService()是一个抽象方法，在DispatcherServlet中进行了重写
        doService(request, response);
    }
    catch (ServletException | IOException ex) {
        failureCause = ex;
        throw ex;
    }
    catch (Throwable ex) {
        failureCause = ex;
        throw new NestedServletException("Request processing failed", ex);
    }

    finally {
        resetContextHolders(request, previousLocaleContext, previousAttributes);
        if (requestAttributes != null) {
            requestAttributes.requestCompleted();
        }
        logResult(request, response, failureCause, asyncManager);
        publishRequestHandledEvent(request, response, startTime, failureCause);
    }
}

@Override
protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
    logRequest(request);

    // Keep a snapshot of the request attributes in case of an include,
    // to be able to restore the original attributes after the include.
    Map<String, Object> attributesSnapshot = null;
    if (WebUtils.isIncludeRequest(request)) {
        attributesSnapshot = new HashMap<>();
        Enumeration<?> attrNames = request.getAttributeNames();
        while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) {
            String attrName = (String) attrNames.nextElement();
            if (this.cleanupAfterInclude || attrName.startsWith(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PREFIX)) {
                attributesSnapshot.put(attrName, request.getAttribute(attrName));
            }
        }
    }

    // Make framework objects available to handlers and view objects.
    request.setAttribute(WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, getWebApplicationContext());
    request.setAttribute(LOCALE_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.localeResolver);
    request.setAttribute(THEME_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.themeResolver);
    request.setAttribute(THEME_SOURCE_ATTRIBUTE, getThemeSource());

    if (this.flashMapManager != null) {
        FlashMap inputFlashMap = this.flashMapManager.retrieveAndUpdate(request, response);
        if (inputFlashMap != null) {
            request.setAttribute(INPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, Collections.unmodifiableMap(inputFlashMap));
        }
        request.setAttribute(OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, new FlashMap());
        request.setAttribute(FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_ATTRIBUTE, this.flashMapManager);
    }

    RequestPath requestPath = null;
    if (this.parseRequestPath && !ServletRequestPathUtils.hasParsedRequestPath(request)) {
        requestPath = ServletRequestPathUtils.parseAndCache(request);
    }

    try {
        // 处理请求和响应
        doDispatch(request, response);
    }
    finally {
        if (!WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
            // Restore the original attribute snapshot, in case of an include.
            if (attributesSnapshot != null) {
                restoreAttributesAfterInclude(request, attributesSnapshot);
            }
        }
        if (requestPath != null) {
            ServletRequestPathUtils.clearParsedRequestPath(request);
        }
    }
}

protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
    HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
    HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
    boolean multipartRequestParsed = false;

    WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);

    try {
        ModelAndView mv = null;
        Exception dispatchException = null;

        try {
            processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);
            multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request);

            // Determine handler for the current request.
            /*
            	mappedHandler：调用链
                包含handler、interceptorList、interceptorIndex
            	handler：浏览器发送的请求所匹配的控制器方法
            	interceptorList：处理控制器方法的所有拦截器集合
            	interceptorIndex：拦截器索引，控制拦截器afterCompletion()的执行
            */
            mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);
            if (mappedHandler == null) {
                noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);
                return;
            }

            // Determine handler adapter for the current request.
           	// 通过控制器方法创建相应的处理器适配器，调用所对应的控制器方法
            HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());

            // Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.
            String method = request.getMethod();
            boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method);
            if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) {
                long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler());
                if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) {
                    return;
                }
            }
			
            // 调用拦截器的preHandle()
            if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
                return;
            }

            // Actually invoke the handler.
            // 由处理器适配器调用具体的控制器方法，最终获得ModelAndView对象
            mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());

            if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
                return;
            }

            applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv);
            // 调用拦截器的postHandle()
            mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            dispatchException = ex;
        }
        catch (Throwable err) {
            // As of 4.3, we're processing Errors thrown from handler methods as well,
            // making them available for @ExceptionHandler methods and other scenarios.
            dispatchException = new NestedServletException("Handler dispatch failed", err);
        }
        // 后续处理：处理模型数据和渲染视图
        processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);
    }
    catch (Exception ex) {
        triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex);
    }
    catch (Throwable err) {
        triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler,
                               new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed", err));
    }
    finally {
        if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
            // Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion
            if (mappedHandler != null) {
                mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response);
            }
        }
        else {
            // Clean up any resources used by a multipart request.
            if (multipartRequestParsed) {
                cleanupMultipart(processedRequest);
            }
        }
    }
}